in tort 中文意思是什麼
in tort
解釋
在侵權行為中-
Finally, delivery of cargo without original bills of lading promote the development of shipping in a way in practice, it has reasonability in existence. chapter three is writer ' s study for 10 leading cases of chinese maritime court and court of cassation concerning delivery of cargo without original bills of lading, writer conclude as follows : chinese courts are inclined to regard it as breach of contract but not in tort in judicial practice ; chinese courts allow the plaintiff to choose to sue in tort or of breach ; chinese courts have abandoned the viewpoint of " who holder the bills who must have the right to sue " or " who holder the bills who must win the case " ; and in many cases concerning delivery of cargo without original bills of lading, the court ignored plaintiff ' s actions against the carrier, it proved that carrier can escape reasonability of delivery of cargo without original bills of lading in some cases
第三章論述我國海事法院及其上級法院就無單放貨案件審理的司法審判實踐研究，通過對十個法院判例的分析、歸納，筆者認為，在司法實踐中，法院越來越傾向于將無單放貨糾紛視為運輸合同糾紛處理，而不認定為侵權行為糾紛；法院允許原告起訴時以侵權起訴或違約起訴作出選擇；法院對提單持有人的訴權認定，已經不採用「誰持有提單誰就有訴權」與「誰持有提單就能保證勝訴」的觀點；有諸多的無單放貨的訴訟案例以被法院駁回起訴為結局，證明了無單放貨在特定情況下的合理性以及承運人有避免承擔責任的可能性。 -
People always think that duty to act only exists in contract law but not in tort law. historically, the rule which imposed no liability for nonfeasance helped maintain the boundary between tort and contract law
一般認為作為義務僅存在於契約法領域而非侵權法，歷史上，不作為不承擔責任的原則常被用來劃定侵權行為法與契約法的界限。 -
In tort law the duty is imposed by the law
在侵權法中，責任是由法律規定的。 -
From published articles about news tort, participants in news circle pay more attention to supervision and priority of liberty value of news but others to importance of protecting legal rights of citizens and legal person. on the whole, the research in tort act law is in beginning and there are so many problems in the stage of imploration and discussion. therefore, that brings about certain difficulty to authorities so as to use different value standard in different courts, which is disadvantageous to seriousness of law and to active function of news medium just as for question about compensation for spiritual harm
在分析理論界不同觀點和意見分歧的基礎上，闡述了作者自己的觀點，認為新聞侵權民事責任適用過錯責任歸責原則，其構成要件仍符合傳統侵權行為法意義上的四要件說，但在表現形式上有其特殊之處，體現在:第一，行為人通過大眾傳媒實施了有損特定公民和法人人格權的行為;第二，新聞侵權行為造成了一定的損害事實;第三，行為與損害結果之間有因果關系;第四，新聞侵權行為人有過錯。 -
Intent, negligence and recklessness in tort law
過失及重大過失 -
Probe into burden of high voltage electric shock persuasion in tort lawsuit
對高壓觸電侵權訴訟中舉證責任的探討 -
Peter kincaid, justice in tort choice of law, ( 1996 ), 18 adel l. rev., p192. 193
車英.國際商事交往中法律選擇方法的新發展[ j ] .武漢大學學報（社科版） ， 1999 . 1 -
Apart from strict liability, causation is one of necessary conditions in tort law in the various countries
侵權法的因果關系問題，一直為理論界與實務界所困擾。 -
But in modern times, in order to take precautions against increasing danger, duty to act is validated in tort law
在近現代社會，基於防範危險、保障安全的目的，作為義務在侵權行為法領域得到人們的認可。 -
The application of moral and political philosophy to questions in tort and criminal law is an example of this branch of contemporary legal philosophy
侵權法與刑法領域內的道德哲學、政治哲學分析方法運用即為此類適例。 -
It existed that compensation for damages for non - pecuniary loss in tort, however, it is different in breach of contract for different people
對于因侵權導致的精神損害應當進行賠償已有定論，但對于因違約造成的精神損害是否應當賠償，則見仁見智。 -
Thus, in tort cases, especially in those complicated and long - term intellectual asset cases, it is very easy to leave vacancy where law cannot regulate if an obligee gets no timely and effective provisional redress for a certain lasting tort, which will induce damage to legal rights and interests without remediation
對民事侵權案件，特別是案情復雜、訴訟周期普遍較長的知識產權案件，若權利人針對持續的侵權行為，在訴前或訴中無法獲得及時、有效的臨時性救濟，極易形成法律調整的空白，最終導致合法權益遭受無法補救的損失。 -
Writer ' s view of point is that delivery of cargo without original bills of lading has the character of breaching of the contract, because releasing cargo against original bills of lading is carrier ' s legal liability in carrying out the carriage of goods by sea. also it has the character of action in tort, as if the actions violate the civil law of liability in tort, the doer shall take on the liability of compensation. however when actions are both of breach and in tort, the chinese law gives the victim the rights to choose to sue in tort or of breach, but some limitations in applying substantive law
第二章論述無單放貨的法律性質，筆者認為，無單放貨具有違約性，因為保證憑正本提單交付貨物是承運人在履行海上貨物運輸合同中的一項法定義務；無單放貨具有侵權性，只要無單放貨行為構成承擔侵權行為民事責任的要件，無單放貨行為人就必須承擔賠償責任；同時，無單放貨的違約性和侵權性可能構成責任競合時，我國法律允許受害人可以選擇一個訴因行使其請求權，但對實體法請求權的選擇，法律作出了一定范圍的限制；最後，無單放貨在某種程度上促進了航運業的發展，我們不能一概加以否定，無單放貨在特定情況下具有一定的合理性。 -
In the author ' s opinion, it is not necessary to deal with compensation for medical malpractice only in the scope of theories in tort. part three, with the title of " imputation and components of compensation for medical malpractice ", is the most emphasis of the paper
我國醫療損害賠償責任長期以來被定位為侵權責任，這種做法有一定的合理性，特別在法律明文規定因醫療行為引起的侵權訴訟由醫療機構就因果關系及過錯承擔舉證責任的前提下。 -
In practice, japanese court sustains that the " tail to perform due contractual obligations " should be the standard in determining liability, while most of the other countries follow the general causation principle in tort by contrast, this article will show that, since both of them apply " duty of care " as the standard, in effect the burden of producing evidence is of little difference in either case
筆者認為，由於兩種責任在認定醫療過失時均以違反注意義務為要件，在舉證責任上也差別不大，因此明確醫生所負有的合理技能與適當注意義務的性質及其程度才是問題的關鍵所在。醫療過失認定標準的特殊性部分，重新認識了傳統侵權法中判斷過失基準的「合理人」標準。 -
The damages of architects is generally purely economic damage. there is no loss in tort a theoretical obstacles of japan and china. with the rules of pure economic damage in common law
建築師導致的損害一般為純粹經濟損害，英美法上的純經濟損失規則沒有在日本及我國的侵權法上形成理論障礙。 -
Article 122 election of remedy in tort or in contract where a party ' s breach harmed the personal or property interests of the other party, the aggrieved party is entitled to elect to hold the party liable for breach of contract in accordance herewith, or hold the party liable for tort in accordance with any other relevant law
第一百二十二條因當事人一方的違約行為，侵害對方人身、財產權益的，受損害方有權選擇依照本法要求其承擔違約責任或者依照其他法律要求其承擔侵權責任。 -
This dissertation based on the clause 《 the explanation of some issues about ascertain the compensation charges of damaging spirit in tort 》 that offered by the supreme people ' s courton 26 / 2 in 2001, and analyzed the problems with referential factors in the assessment of compensative amount of spirits damage in our country
摘要本文依據2001年2月26日最高人民法院出臺的《關于確定民事侵權精神損害賠償責任若干問題的解釋》條款，就我國精神損害賠償數額評定所參考因素問題作一分析。 -
Fouth, the essay analyses the influence of liability insurance upon the criterion of liabity in tort law. liability insurance ensures and stabilizes the position of no - fault liability. liability insurance has both positive and negative influence upon the applicable scope of no - fault liability. finally, the writer concludes that criterion of liability system in our country should include both the fault liability and no - fault liability. with the case analysis, the writer again rejects to regard the equitable liability as the criterion of liability
又次，本文從現代工業社會事故激增並趨嚴重，損失分散的思想逐漸取代損失轉移成為侵權行為法的思考方式的角度，從侵權責任體現的正義觀發生變化的角度，審視了責任保險對侵權行為法歸責原則的影響:責任保險肯定並穩定了無過錯責任原則的地位，對無過錯責任原則的適用范圍既是促進也是遏制。 -
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