種型中和抗體 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [zhǒngxíngzhōngkàng]
種型中和抗體 英文
type ecific neutralizing antibody
  • : 種名詞(姓氏) a surname
  • : 和動詞(在粉狀物中加液體攪拌或揉弄使有黏性) mix (powder) with water, etc. : 和點兒灰泥 prepare some plaster
  • : Ⅰ動詞1 (抵抗; 抵擋) resist; combat; fight 2 (拒絕; 抗拒) refuse; defy 3 (對等) contend with...
  • : 體構詞成分。
  1. On the other hand, there is substanial evidences tha dcs mediate tolerane. the gm - csf - stbolated mouse bone mwderived mhc class ii + dc progendors tha are deficient in cell surface erpression of the costbolatory molecules b7 - l and b7 - 2 can induce alloanginspecific t ceil anergy in vbo. systendc adchstraion of these donor - derived dc progendors to recipients intravenously 7 days before transplantation prolonged the median graft survival tane from 9. 5 days to 22 days wbout additional twnosuppressions in a mouse cardinc twlanation model

    1995年, lul等報道表面缺乏共刺激分子,特別是缺乏cd80 ( b7 - 1 )cd86 ( b7 - 2 )的未成熟dc能在外誘導同原特異性的t細胞無能,而對dc的適當處理能夠使未成熟dc潛在的耐受原性得以放大增強,使得dc在誘導免疫耐受具有相當重要的作用及潛在的應用價值。
  2. Recently, using solid clay brick is gradually prohibited, so the new wall material is required to fill up the new architecture. many sections research on this field, using fly ash to develop new building materials is the mostly adopted method, among the new building materials, fly ash foamed concrete is a noticeable one because of its outstanding merits such as light weight, heat preservation, sound insulation and good resisting earthquake. using fly ash to develop foamed concrete can not only become fly ash into resources, but also provide a new kind of building materials for the innovation of wall materials, which has good economy and society ben efits

    近年來,由於墻改「禁實」政策的實施,市場急需新的墻材料來填補新建築所需,許多單位相繼開展了各有關研究,綜合利用粉煤灰研製開發新建材逐漸成為了主流,其多孔混凝土特別是粉煤灰發泡混凝土,正以它突出的輕質、保溫、隔音、震效果好等優點,成為一引人注目的建築材料,利用工業固廢棄物粉煤灰研製發泡混凝土不僅能實現粉煤灰的資源化,而且還可為墻材料的改革提供一建築材料,具有較好的經濟效益社會效益。
  3. The polyester fibre of resisting bacterium is one without which people can t live in modern times, but how to restrain the bacterium propagating excessively and keep people in health is a most important goal that fabrics and clothing industry are striving for. fibre of resisting bacterium can kill the bacterium effectively with the ratio of more than 99 % and it can restrain microbes. the polyester fibre of resisting ultraviolet radiation is also widely used. with the decreasing of ozonospheres in the atmosphere, there are more ultraviolet radiation in the sunlight which do harm to our skin, especially for those men working outdoors, it is more important to think about the way to lessen the harm. the polyester of burning - resisting has attracted more attention at home and abroad and burning - resisting textiles has been advanced definitely by law in many countries. our nation has also made strict claims in some special areas, such as fabrics in vehiciles and vessels, decorative fabrics in hotels. the everlasting burning - resisting fibres and textiles are badly needed. infrared ray fibre is also a new functional one that can absorb and reflect infrared ray after being processed physically. it s functions include physical therapy wet - ejecting and bacterium - restraining. this warm - preserving material can absorb the emitting heat from our bodies, at the same time it can also absorb and reflect the needed 4 - 14 urn wavelength ultraviolet radiation and accelerate netaboiism. fibre of resisting infrared ray is important in military areas

    菌纖維具有永久的菌性,對金黃色葡萄球菌、大腸桿菌殺菌率大於99 ,能有效抑制細菌繁殖,起到菌防臭作用;紫外線聚酯纖維的用途也是異常廣泛的,隨著大氣層臭氧層的日漸稀薄,日光的紫外線日益增加,對人皮膚形成極大危害,尤其對于長期從事野外工作的人,因此設法減少紫外線對人的傷害顯得尤為重要;阻燃聚酯纖維則是一倍受國內外人士密切關注的纖維,紡織品阻燃在許多國家已有明確法令規定,我國也逐漸在某些特殊使用范圍做嚴格要求,如車船內用紡織品,高級賓館的內裝飾織物等,而且具持久性阻燃性的纖維織物是現在更為需要的,真可謂用途非常廣泛;遠紅外纖維也是一經過物理改性后具有吸收並反射遠紅外線的新功能性纖維,是一具有優良理療功能、熱效應功能排濕透氣抑菌功能的新紡織材料及保溫材料,能吸收人自身向外散發的熱量,吸收並反射回人最需要的4 14 m波長的遠紅外線,促進人的新陳代謝;紅外線纖維,則在軍事上有著重要的作用。
  4. Secondly, this paper made some theoretic researches on its engineering classfication and applicable scope for this technology ; then combining with project example, this paper carried out scheme design for this technology, and compared some different kinds of underpinning scheme and node and structure design, and put forward the method of " reinforcce steel bar through column " to build pile cap beam, " resistant bend and shear anchored reinforce steel bar " to strengthen column consolidation effect, and the method of " steel plate hoop " to build reinforcing bar connection of the foundation beam, etc. in the process of the consturction scheme research and implement, this paper synthetically elaborated the organizaton for project construction, put forward the construction technical measure of specific aim on the artificial pile, and pile cap beam, and underground adding layer and structure stabilization, and overall structure stabilization and so on. for this project, adopt reinforcing bar concrete to brace hole wall to ensure the safety of engineering in the artificial pile construction, use flexible connection catch to make the cage hoisting easier to simplify the construction process, use the method of earthwork statified symmetrical balance in the process of underground adding layer excavation

    本文首先對于基礎托換與結構加固技術的目的意義、國內外發展狀況進行了綜合闡述;其次對該項技術工程分類及適應范圍進行了理論上的分析研究;然後結合工程實例對該項技術進行了方案設計,對比幾不同的托換方案節點及構造設計,提出了「通筋穿柱法」做承臺梁, 「剪錨筋法」強化柱加固效果, 「鋼板箍法」做地基梁鋼筋連接點等多項技術;在施工方案的研究實施過程,對于工程施工組織進行綜合闡述,並就人工挖孔樁、承臺梁、地下加層及結構加固、整結構穩定等專項施工方案提出有針對性的施工技術措施,人工挖孔樁施工採用鋼筋砼護壁確保挖孔樁的安全成,使用柔性連接鉤進行鋼筋籠吊裝簡化施工工序;承臺梁施工採用梁主筋橫穿柱身化學膠錨固等;地下加層綜合施工技術採用土方分層對稱平衡開挖,分段挖土做筏基結構自穩等;最後對于該工程實施后的效果分析,說明該項綜合施工技術的可行性。
  5. 2 - e4 - a and 82 - 6 are hybridized during their log growing time, and the hybrid - hybridomas are cloned for 3 times and produce 6 hybrid - hybridoma cells. the chromatosome of hybrid - hybridoma 3 - hu and hybridoma 2 - e4 - a and s2 - b are counted, and the antibody of ascites fluid or culture supernatant of 3 - hn is prepared. the positive clones are detected by three methods at the same time : rbc agglutination for monospecific anti - human rbc type a antibody, indirect elisa for anti - p24 antibody, and rbc solid - phase adherence for bispecific antibody

    選其一株3 - h _ ( 11 )做雜交-雜交瘤細胞染色計數,同時計數兩母株2 - e _ 4 - as _ 2 - b的染色數:制備腹水上清,用三方法同時檢測其的雙特異性、單特異性人紅細胞p24,即紅細胞固相吸附法測雙特異文摘要性,紅細胞凝集試驗測單特異性人a紅細胞,間接elisa法測p24;用腹水做耐熱性及耐凍融實驗。
  6. In order to study how the floor stiffnesses influence on the mega steel - frame structures, the results of mode 1 and mode 4 of example 1, and those of mode 2 and mode 3 of three examples are compared. some conclusions are obtained as follows : compared with beams and columns of the common steel - frame structures, the cross - sectional dimension of mega beams and mega columns in the main - frames of mega steel - frame structures are very large. because the mega structure system has great lateral stiffness and entirety work behavior, whether or not considering the floor stiffness has less influence on the entirety responses of the mega steel - frame structures and on the displacement and internal forces of columns of the mainframe, but larger influence on the response of columns of hypo - frame

    通過對算例1方案1方案4及算例1 - 3方案2方案3結構周期、位移內力反應的比較,研究了樓板剛度對巨鋼框架結構反應的影響,得到如下結論:與普通鋼框架的梁、柱相比,巨鋼框架主框架的巨梁、巨柱截面尺寸要大得多,並且由它們組成的這超常規的大結構具有巨大的側剛度工作性能,因此,在地震作用下,考慮樓板剛度與否對巨鋼框架結構整反應影響不大,對主框架柱位移內力反應影響也不大,但對次框架位移內力反應的影響相對較大。
  7. The voltage of lithium - intercalation reaction, impedance and structural stability of intercalation - type cathode material were analysed and calculated. theoritical results show that the reaction voltage depends on the content of lithium and the bond energy, and that the key ways to lower the electrode impedance are to increase the electronic conductivity of the electrode and the diffusion coefficient of lithium ion in the host and to decrease the size of powder. in addition, the thermal stability of lithium - insertion structure can be improved by using crystallographic co - lattice theory and doping treatment

    本文從嵌入式陰極材料的嵌鋰反應的電壓、阻及結構穩定性的分析理論計算著手,得到了電壓取決于基離子間的鍵能及鋰含量、降低電極阻的關鍵是提高電子導電性li ~ +在基的擴散系數及減小粉末粒度的理論依據及其利用晶的共格原理摻雜改性的方式來提高材料嵌鋰結構的熱穩定性的設計思路。
  8. For bus system installation, the focus is put on cable selection principle, installation process and antinoise measure ; for security protection equipment installation, the intrinsic safety concept, installation method equipment selection and installation under two electric power supply modes ( entity concept and fisco model ) and the bus system protection against surge voltage are illustrated ; for network component installation, the selecting, installing and integrating methods of general purpose terminators, repeaters, link equipment, bus power supply and impedance module are described

    在總線電纜的安裝方面,著重討論了電纜的選原則、安裝方法噪防擾措施;在安全保護設備安裝方面,介紹了總線系統本質安全的概念、安裝方法、兩供電方式(實概念fisco模)下設備的選擇與安裝以及總線系統浪涌電壓的保護設備安裝方法;在網路元件的安裝方面,主要列舉了通用終端器、繼器、鏈路設備、總線電源及其阻模塊等的選擇、安裝集成方法,為總線系統的安裝提供了可以借鑒的實用經驗。
  9. In the field of the phytoremediation of copper pollution, submerged macrophytes are focused less than the terrestrial plants. in this study, ceratophyllum demersum l. and cahomba caroliniana a. gray were used as the test plant. the following two aspects were investigated in vivo methods : 1 ) the toxicity effects of cu2 + on the three main antioxidant enzymes ( including cat, pod and sod ) of two submerged macrophytes were detected at different low doses and on the chronic exposure, in order to establish the dose - effect relationship and the time - effect relationship, and thereby acquire the toxicity threshold ; and 2 ) with two submerge macrophytes throng cultured individual or combined on the chronic exposure, it was found on the bcf of copper and the influence of interspecific relationships to the submerge macrophytes resistance or bioconcentration

    本論文以兩沉水植物金魚藻( c . demersuml . )水盾草( c . carolinianaa . )為受試植物,從它們對水cu ~ ( 2 + )的生物富集作用動態,以及cu ~ ( 2 + )對它們氧化酶的急性毒性效應亞急性毒性效應兩方面進行了研究: 1 )通過內暴露不同劑量的cu ~ ( 2 + ) ,探討cu ~ ( 2 + )對植物內三主要的氧化物酶( sod , pod , cat )的毒理效應,建立劑量?效應關系時間?效應關系,以揭示沉水植物對cu ~ ( 2 + )的性機制; 2 )通過對金魚藻,水盾草單獨培養共同培養的方式,分別研究了兩沉水植物對cu ~ ( 2 + )的生物富集系數及其動態以及兩植物的間關系對富集銅植物耐性的影響,綜合評價了兩植物在銅污染水的植物修復的應用前景。
  10. In the designed hardware, at89c51 single chip computer and many kinds of new type circuit chip ( including : special power measuring chip - cs5460a, ds1302 calendar / clock chip, sms0601 lcd, x5045 serial memory ) are used for design. the hardware circuit is simplified, the meter ' s anti - interference ability is enhanced and the precision of measurement is also advanced

    設計以at89c51單片機為核心,採用多集成電路晶元(包括電能計量專用晶元cs5460a 、 ds1302日歷時鐘晶元、 sms0601液晶顯示器、 x5045串列存儲器)進行介面設計,簡化了硬電路,提高了電能表的干擾能力測量精度。
  11. Simultaneity, through contrast analysis validate that antiseimic capacity of expansion web is better than that of steel web. therefore, based on the experiences summed up by precedence, the formulation for calculating the crack load and limit load of brick masonry house reinforced by expansion web is advanced, which provides project reference. based on the analysis and studies of masonry shearing strength, test of prestressed single brick masonry wall, and test of prestressed brick masonry house models, and ect, the article has carried through several aspect research as below : 1. a series of experiment on material capability of expansion web, including intensity of single thread and expansion web, ect ; 2. research on influence of loading and destroy of masonry brick building reinforced by expansion web under lowcyclic loading ; 3. study of impact of expansion web on ductility, energy dissipation, intensity, ect under the same situation as above ; 4. put forward computation formulation of masonry brick building reinforced by expansion web

    本著以上的研究目的,本文在分析借鑒前人砌剪強度理論、預應力單片墻試驗研究、預應力模震性能試驗研究等基礎上,進行了以下幾方面的研究工作: 1 .作為一結構材料擴張網,進行了一系列的材性試驗(單絲強度、網片強度在砂漿被約束條件下的網片強度及其相應的彈性模量) ; 2 .研究了水平荷載往復作用(低周交變)下,普通鋼絲網擴張網砂漿對砌結構裂及承載能力破壞形態的影響,並將這兩材料的加固效果進行了對比; 3 .上述狀態下,兩網片水泥砂漿對砌結構變形、延性、耗能、剛度退化等震性能的影響及其影響效果的比較; 4 .提出擴張網水泥砂漿加固砌結構的剪強度計算建議公式。
  12. The characteristics of quantum computing and the mechanism of immune evolution are analyzed and discussed. inspired by the mechanism in which immune cell can gradually accomplish affinity maturation during the self - evolution process, a immune evolutionary algorithm based on quantum computing ( mqea ) is proposed. the algorithm can find out optimal solution by the mechanism in which antibody can be clone selected, memory cells can be produced, similar antibodies can be suppressed and immune cell can be expressed as quantum bit ( q - bit ). it not only can maintain quite nicely the population diversity than the classical evolutionary algorithm, but also can help to accelerate the convergence speed and converge to the global optimal solution rapidly. the convergence of the mqea is proved and its superiority is shown by some simulation experiments in this paper

    分析探討了量子計算的特點及免疫進化機制,並結合免疫系統的動力學模免疫細胞在自我進化的親度成熟機理,提出了一基於量子計算的免疫進化演算法.該演算法使用量子比特表達染色,通過免疫克隆、記憶細胞產生相似性抑制等進化機制可最終找出最優解,它比傳統的量子進化演算法具有更好的群多樣性、更快的收斂速度全局尋優能力.在此不僅從理論上證明了該演算法的收斂,而且通過模擬實驗表明了該演算法的優越性
  13. Abstract : the characteristics of quantum computing and the mechanism of immune evolution are analyzed and discussed. inspired by the mechanism in which immune cell can gradually accomplish affinity maturation during the self - evolution process, a immune evolutionary algorithm based on quantum computing ( mqea ) is proposed. the algorithm can find out optimal solution by the mechanism in which antibody can be clone selected, memory cells can be produced, similar antibodies can be suppressed and immune cell can be expressed as quantum bit ( q - bit ). it not only can maintain quite nicely the population diversity than the classical evolutionary algorithm, but also can help to accelerate the convergence speed and converge to the global optimal solution rapidly. the convergence of the mqea is proved and its superiority is shown by some simulation experiments in this paper

    文摘:分析探討了量子計算的特點及免疫進化機制,並結合免疫系統的動力學模免疫細胞在自我進化的親度成熟機理,提出了一基於量子計算的免疫進化演算法.該演算法使用量子比特表達染色,通過免疫克隆、記憶細胞產生相似性抑制等進化機制可最終找出最優解,它比傳統的量子進化演算法具有更好的群多樣性、更快的收斂速度全局尋優能力.在此不僅從理論上證明了該演算法的收斂,而且通過模擬實驗表明了該演算法的優越性
  14. This paper mostly studied the modeling and simulating of reconnaissance and direction finding system for communication by using hla / simulink simulation platform for communication ew. the purpose is to design reconnaissance federate and jam federate for communication ew simulation system by using hla simulation based on different reconnaissance system for communication and simulation modeling with different jamming mode

    本文以通信對為背景,採用hla / simulink模擬平臺,研究通信偵察系統與通信干擾系統的建模與模擬實現,在建立對不同制的通信偵察系統及各干擾樣式模擬模的基礎上,設計並實現基於hla的通信對模擬系統的偵察邦元干擾邦元。
  15. Through these studies and analysis, following conclusions could be drawn : ( 1 ) it is necessary to study on harness engineering of landslide and dangerous rock since the main representations of this geological hazard are landslide and dangerous rock through geological investigation ; ( 2 ) it can be concluded though stability analysis that the dingzhuang landslide is stable naturally, which is identical to the in - situ investigation ; ( 3 ) through stability analysis, the landslide would slide if the water level dropped down from 175. 10m to 156. 0m and it rained successively after the three gorges reservoir work. ( 4 ) according to the results of calculation and the characteristic of the landslide, it is suggested that such measures as unloading at upper part, anchorage and pile supporting system and drainage system should be used on the landslide. ( 5 ) according to geological investigation, there are three kinds of dangerous rock in the engineering, those are failing - down rock, collapsing rock and sliding rock

    因此有必要對滑坡進行治理; ( 4 )根據滑坡推力計算結果本滑坡屬牽引式滑坡的特點,滑坡上部相對較穩定,下部處于基本穩定或不穩定狀態,因此建議此滑坡治理採用上部削坡減載與錨拉滑樁、擋墻進行支擋結合的處理方法,同時結合截排水等措施進行綜合治理; ( 5 )根據地勘資料,通過對危巖的形態、規模、基座底界層及分佈特點分析,將本工程危巖失穩崩塌的方式歸納為墜落式、傾倒式滑塌式三並分別提出相應的穩定性計算方法; ( 6 )分別對本工程的危巖進行了穩定性計算,並且發現其都處于不穩定狀態,因此根據實際情況分別提出相應襯砌支撐清理等加固治理措施,最後還對加固后的危巖進行了校核計算,滿足要求。
  16. Natural autoantibody ( naa ) refers to antibodies that are present in the surum of healthy individuals in the absence of deliberate immunization with the targeted antigen. previous studies have showed that human immunity system includes a huge and complicated autoantibody repetoire. to date, several hundred naa have been found and proved to exist in normal individuals, including autoantibody targeted rbc, mhc, dna, transferrin, keratin, diphosphatidyglycerd, idiotype of igg, etc. naa, characterized by binding to various and nonspecific antigen, reacting rapidly, keeping conservative relatively, has been widely claimed to be an important constituted component of innate immunity. lt was proposed that the production of naa was related to positive selection of b lymphocytes

    對naa的研究表明,健康人免疫系統存在著一個龐大而復雜的自身網路。包括角蛋白自身( antikeratinautoantibody , akautoab )在內,迄今已經發現並證實的naa有數百,如rbc 、 mhc 、 dna 、轉鐵蛋白、脂類多糖的以及jerne免疫調節網路獨特( anti - idiotypeantibody )等。由於個出生即有naa ,且naa具有作用范圍廣、沒有特異的選擇性、反應出現快、有相對的穩定性等天然免疫的特點, naa被認為是天然免疫( innateimmunity / naturalimmunity )的重要組成部分。
  17. In this article, the misgurin gene and adaptor are synthesized according to the amino acid sequence reported in the genebank and the need of construction and expression. adopted a new strategy, multiple copy gene is ligated in the same direction. and then it is cloned into expression vector plasmid ppic9k

    本文根據genebank登錄的氨基酸序列,同時考慮構建表達的需要,化學合成了misgurin基因接頭,採用一新的策略,在外將基因多拷貝同向串連,並將其克隆于表達質粒ppic9k,通過鑒定並測序正確后,電轉化真核表達宿主? ?畢赤酵母菌株gs115 ,通過營養缺陷培養基篩選重組子,再利用g418性篩選出整合有多拷貝外源基因的重組子。
  18. Under the horizontal earthquake action and wind force, aim at " the pure frame structure with rectangle columns ", " the pure frame structure with special - shaped columns ", " the frame - truss structure with special - shaped columns " and " frame - shear wall structure with special - shaped columns ", earthquake action analysis was done by the spacial finite element method through the changes structural parameter. analyzing systematically " structure vibration mode ", " vibration period ", " structure lateral rigidity ", " seismic action force ", " seismic response force ", " floor seismic shear force ", " lateral horizontal displacement of structure " and " members internal force ". results indicate : ( 1 ) based on equal area, the special - shaped columns replaced the rectangle columns, the structural lateral rigidity enlarges, the lateral displacement minishes obviously, the earthquake response increase slightly, the biggest increasing amount of frame columns axis - compress ratio is smaller than 0. 08. the whole aseismic performance of structure has improved ; ( 2 ) when the section ' s length and section ' s thickness ratio of special - shaped columns is smaller than 3. 6, the structure benefits to resist seismic action ; ( 3 ) the angle of horizontal seismic action with the whole coordinate is 0 degree, structure earthquake response is bigger, belonging to a control factor of structure aseismic design ; ( 4 ) the frame - truss structure with special - shaped columns and the " a " - brace has the biggest lateral rigidity ; ( 5 ) the frame - shear wall structure with special - shaped columns have bigger lateral rigidity and smaller displacement, members internal force enlarged just rightly, have much superiority of resisting seismic action ; ( 6 ) in the higher seismic fortification criterion region ( 8 degree of seismic fortification intensity ), aseismic disadvantageous building site ( iii type site ), adopting special - shaped columns structure system, should reduce possibly the building ' s self - weight in order to reduce the earthquake response ; ( 7 ) the response spectrum method of computing seismic response and the time - history analysis method have similar analysis result

    西安理工大學碩士學位論文在水平地震作用下,並考慮風荷載組合,分別對「矩形柱純框架結構」 、 「異柱純框架結構」 、 「異柱框一析架結構」及「異柱框-剪結構」等四結構系,通過改變結構參數,運用空間有限元方法,進行地震作用計算。系統地分析研究「結構振」 、 「振動周期」 、 「結構側向剛度」 、 「結構地震反應力」 、 「樓層地震剪力」 、 「結構側向位移」 、 「層間位移角」 ,以及「構件內力」 。結果表明:在等面積原則下,異柱代換矩形柱后,結構剛度增大,側向位移明顯減小,地震反應力略有增加,框架柱軸壓比最大增幅小於8 % ,結構整震性能有所提高;當異柱肢長肢厚比小於等於3 . 6時,結構有利於震;水平地震作用力與整坐標夾角為0度時,結構地震作用效應較大,屬結構設計的控制因素之一;異柱框一析架結構採用「人」字斜撐,側向剛度大於「八」字斜撐「人一八」字混合斜撐;異柱框一剪結構側向剛度大、位移小,構件內力增大適,是一震性能優越的結構系:在震設防烈度較高地區( 8度)震不利的建築場地( m類場地) ,採用異柱結構系時,應盡可能減輕結構自重,降低地震作用力;分別採用「振分解反應譜」法「時程分析」法進行地震作用計算,兩方法所得結果基本一致。
  19. In view of the feature of neural network and its advantages in pattern recognition, we have a great deal work in off - line handwritten character recognition based on neural network. we present two recognition methods based on neural network. one of which is the hybrid neural network recognition system, a multi - level neural network classifier constructed by using the multi neural networks integration technology

    由於神經網路的特點及其在手寫字元識別領域現出的潛力,本文對基於神經網路的手寫字元識別技術進行了大量的研究工作,提出了兩新穎的基於神經網路的手寫字元識別模,其,基於混合神經網路的手寫字元識別模利用了在干擾描述字元拓撲結構方面具有互補性的心投影特徵llf特徵,使用多神經網路集成技術構建了多級的神經網路分類器。
  20. Comparison of several lumped - parameter models to simulate the input impedance in systemic circulation

    心血管系統循環輸入阻的幾參數模的比較應用
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