過境運價 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [guòjìngyùnjià]
過境運價
英文
transborder rate- 過 : 過Ⅰ動詞[口語] (超越) go beyond the limit; undue; excessiveⅡ名詞(姓氏) a surname
- 境 : 名詞1 (疆界; 邊界) border; boundary 2 (地方; 區域) place; area; territory 3 (境況; 境地) co...
- 運 : Ⅰ動詞1 (物體位置不斷變化) move; revolve 2 (搬運; 運輸) carry; transport 3 (運用) use; wield...
- 價 : 名詞1. (價格) price 2. (價值) value 3. [化學] (化合價) valence
- 過境 : transit; pass through the territory of a country; be in transit過境報關單 transit declaration; 過...
- 運價 : bdi
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Through the canalization to the marketing strategy research of the substantial evidence of the fuxin company, in the foundation that the author has collected large quantity of data, mainly using the relevant marketing theory of dr philip kotler, famous as " the father of marketing ", the author importantly expound that in the operating process, to small enterprise, there are six most important contents, that is : the market marketing environment analyzes, the market marketing investigation analyzes, the marketing segmentation, the choice of the marketing positioning, target market, the pricing of product, adjective pricing strategy, the marketing outlet management of the business and credit sale risk
本文作者通過對富新公司的營銷策略研究實證分析,在收集大量資料的基礎上,主要應用有「營銷學之父」稱謂的菲利普.科特勒( philip . kotler )博士有關營銷策略的相關理論,重點闡述了在經營運作過程中,對中小企業至關重要的六個方面的內容:市場營銷環境分析,市場營銷調研分析,市場細分、市場定位、目標市場的選擇,產品定價和價格調整戰略,企業的營銷渠道管理以及賒銷風險的問題。The performances indexes and curves of the model si 1126 diesel engine are obtained by simulation calculation ; the main curves for the affection of calibrate parameters on the performance of model si 1126 diesel engine are also obtained by simulation tests o the results and test data are analyzed o the major contents are as follows : a ) study on the demands of software and hardware environment of ktva on pc. kiva is originally designed for cray computer and workstation, but on pc it needs to be tested o b ) ktva code such as variables scopes of values and so on, needs revising to meet the needs of pc
應用該軟體,對縮短內燃機的設計周期、優化性能研究、環保和節能等方面都具有極高的應用價值。目前,國內同行業對kiva的運用尚處于起步階段,原因是國內所見到的kiva程序集不完整,且沒有漢化、沒有使用界面和使用說明書,軟體的運行環境要求特殊,而且復雜。本文作者通過對kiva的研究,揭示了該程序集的使用方法,恢復、完善並新增加了該程序集的功能;經過二次開發,建成了完整的內燃機模擬技術平臺。I also summarized briefly the qualifications for tender agency, factors which would block the development of tender agents and the countermeasures, a nd anticipated the foreground of its development in water conservancy systems of hebei province, and then, i advanced my suggestion on the standardization of tendering and bidding procedures in the relevant projects ; i also analyzed the insufficiencies of decision - making system, documents study and circumstances research in the tenders. at the same time, i introduced the skills and strategies in the tendering and bidding, and advanced my analysis results and suggestions. through the introduction of the procedure from opening to evaluating and deciding the tenders, and the scores registration method on evaluating tenders, i pointed out the status quo and main problems occurred in the tendering and bidding in the construction of water conservancy projects in hebei province, and put forward my suggestion on the system of opening, evaluating and deciding of tender in the projects
在對招標人、招標代理機構和招標過程的法律規定與分析后,指出河北省水利工程建設招標人和河北省工程建設招標代理機構的現狀及存在問題,提出了市場經濟條件下,最合理的招標組織形式為招標代理,並簡述了招標代理機構的資格要求、河北省水利工程建設管理機制中阻礙招標代理機構順利發展因素及對策,預測了招標代理制度在河北省水利系統的發展前景,對進一步規范河北省水利工程招標活動提出建議;對投標過程中存在的投標決策、招標文件研究、投標環境調查不足之處進行了分析,同時介紹了河北省水利工程建設投標報價技巧及策略,對河北省水利工程投標活動現狀及存在問題提出規范化的分析和建議;通過對水利工程開標、評標、定標運行程序和河北省水利工程評標計分辦法的介紹,指出了河北省水利工程建設招標投標定標運行的現狀和存在的問題,提出了河北省水利工程建設開標、評標、定標運行體系的建議。Directed by new theories and approaches of sedimentology, diagenesis and reservoir evaluation, focused on marine clastic reservoir of donghe sandstone member, in tarim basin, strata and depositional system of donghe sandstone member are classified ; typical depositional facies types, depositional model and horizontal distribution have been studied through depositional facies analysis of 17 single wells, combined with seismic data. major diagenetic events, stages and " four history " collaboration have been systematically analysesed, furthermore, the relation between reservoir diagenesis and porosity evolution has been built ; thorough studies on reservoir lithology, physical property and pore structure, reservoir development related to depositional envoironment, diagenesis and tectonic has been discussed ; reservoir has been evaluated and predicted by five influential parameters drawn from the results of the study on depositional facies, diagenesis and reservoir characteristic. in the end, favourable reservoir body distribution has been pointed out
本論文以沉積學、沉積巖石學、沉積成巖作用與儲層地質學、儲層評價技術的新理論新方法為指導,以塔里木盆地巴楚組東河砂巖段海相碎屑巖儲層為主要研究對象,通過17口典型井的單井地層沉積相分析和成巖作用分析,結合地震資料,對東河砂巖段地層和沉積體系進行了詳細劃分,研究了東河砂巖段分佈區的典型沉積相類型、沉積模式及其平面展布特徵;系統分析了東河砂巖段碎屑巖儲層的主要成巖事件、成巖期次及其四史配置關系,指出了儲層成巖與孔隙演化的關系;深入研究了東河砂巖段碎屑巖儲層的巖石學特徵、物性分佈、孔隙結構等特徵,著重討論研究了沉積環境、成巖作用和構造作用對儲層發育的影響;運用「權重」評價法結合地層沉積相、成巖演化和儲層特徵研究的結果,選取了五個對儲層發育有重要影響的參數對儲層進行了整體的評價和預測,指出了塔里木盆地東河砂巖段儲層有利儲集體的分佈狀況。An ultimatum might be issued to increase the urgency of compliance, and if the enemy fails to comply within the time limit, the possibility of resorting to force by the us would be highly increased. nevertheless, in symmetrical crises like the north korea nuclear one, the us options would be severely constrained with the policy dilemma of crisis management mentioned above. therefore, the crisis managers of the us would like to follow the carrot and stick approach to manage the crisis, namely, they would do whatever is needed to protect or advance their most important interests
然而,在對稱性危機中,美國的危機管理者則不得不承認危機管理困境的存在,傾向于採取「軟硬兼施」的危機管理模式,即:危機管理者以防止戰爭作為最高優先目標,在防止戰爭的前提下追求已方利益;能夠遵守危機管理原則,綜合或交替運用施壓與妥協的危機管理策略;注重保持與對手之間溝通渠道的暢通,正確把握對手的意圖、決心和能力;避免危及對手核心價值體系,圍繞利益展開「理性的討價還價」 ;通過利益交換或議題聯接,共同尋求和平解決危機的途徑,防止己方不願見到的危機升級。As the inevitable choice of enterprises to adapt to the knowledge - based economy development, knowledge management is a process of creating value for enterprises confronting the increasingly complicate changes of environment by taking advantage of collective intelligence to reinforce the ability of learning, contingency and innovation, which requires enterprises to apply various means, including organizing, culture, process, technique, strategy, and to establish the knowledge - respecting and talents - respecting culture environment gradually which will promote knowledge accumulation, share, diversion, and improve the inner and outer application of knowledge network
知識管理作為企業適應知識經濟發展要求的必然選擇,其實質是企業在面對日益復雜的環境變化,綜合運用組織,文化、流程、技術、戰略等手段,通過有計劃,有目的的構建有利於知識的積累、共享、轉換和運用的內外知識網路以及尊重知識,尊重人才的文化氛圍,運用集體智慧提高企業的學習能力、應變能力和創新能力,並達到為企業創造價值的一種管理過程。According to the analysis of reviewing the history and status quo of development of internal seed industry, the course of international seed industry, this article analyses the inner and outer environment of china seed industry ( especially sichuan nongda high - tech agriculture co., ltd. ) and puts forward the suggestions of developing tactic objective, operation system and commitment by practicing certain tactic theory, using the combinative analysis of classification and ration, wielding the tactic analysis tool such as pest analysis, value chain analysis, swot analysis,
本文通過對國內種業發展的歷史回顧、發展現狀及國際種業發展歷程的分析,應用有關的戰略理論基礎,採取定性與定量分析相結合的方法,運用pest分析、價值鏈分析、 swot分析、 efe矩陣、 ife矩陣、 kt決策法等戰略分析工具,對中國種業,特別是四川農大高科農業有限責任公司(簡稱川農高科)的內外部環境進行了全面、系統的分析,提出了發展戰略目標、運作體系及實施建議。China has a vast population and a broad market, thus liquor consumption owns a considerably potential market in china. however, due to the intence yet disorder competition of the present market, the marketing of the liquor industry in china has fallen into an rather awkward dilemma. the hidden trouble, the lurking danger, cause the businessmen in this line unable to extricate themselves from a low - leveled ricious competitive cycle. such severe challenge also confronts yuechitequ company. therefore, the most urgent problems waiting for resdring lie in how to take advantage of the present resoures effectively, how to distinguish the market situation, and how to institute a scientific product - popularizing programme in order to keep the enterprise standing undefeated in the intense competition, and develop the enterprise rapidly, favorably. this thesis makes a thoughtful analysis about the external conditions of market and internal ones resources in the yuechitequ by means of inrestication through questionaire and scientific data processing. in the second part, with the application of stp system theory of marketing and new - product - pricing theory, it designs and further expounds the popularization of the new products of this company, then forms a excutable performance and makes a constant rerision via market practice. in this way can it explor a suitable road to popularize the products in the liquor market, help the enterprise to free from the difficulties and progress healthely, consitently
本文通過在岳池特曲公司現有產品市場進行問卷調查,運用科學的數據處理方法對所回收的658份問卷統計分析,以及利用美國哈佛大學商學院著名教授邁克爾?波特( michaelporter )提出的五種力量模型和價值鏈與vrio分析理論,對白酒市場的公開數據細致分析,以明確四川省岳池特曲酒業有限公司實施新產品市場推廣所面臨的市場條件和內部資源條件,在此基礎上,本文運用市場營銷學中stp系統理論、新產品定價理論等,對岳池特曲公司推出的白酒新產品進行市場細分、確定目標市場和市場定位,並根據市場營銷4p理論制定新產品的產品策略、價格策略、渠道策略、市場促銷推廣策略,形成最終整體完善的可執行方案,再通過市場實踐對推廣方案進行檢驗、修正,力圖在酒類市場中探索一條新產品市場推廣的適用道路,並幫助企業擺脫困境、邁開步伐、持續健康的發展。This paper, in the light of the special geological environment and actual project situation of the three gorges reservoir area, puts forward a comprehensive analysis and evaluation system suitable for the stability analysis of the bank landslide of the three gorges reservoir area under the premise of thorough consideration of the water influence on the stability of the bank landslide, and obtains the following achievements in several aspects that have the practical application significance and certain scientific research value : ( 1 ) it is discovered that the water activity is the primary factor of the formation of the new landslide and the revival of the ancient landslide. on the one hand, the rising underwater level reduces the actual stress of landslide ; on the other hand, the long time soaking of the underwater reduces the mechanics intensity of the landslide and the slide belt, both of which reduce directly the landslide stability ; ( 2 ) in view of the special condition of the three gorges reservoir area, this paper analyzes systematically the forces acted on the landslide of the three gorges reservoir area and the force varieties acted on the divided landslide when the water level changes between 175 meters and 145 meters. thus it is more scientific and comprehensive for the analysis of the forces acted on the landslide ; ( 3 ) this paper summaries systematically 10 kinds of typical computation projects by organic combinations of different kinds of situations in the dry season ( nature statue ), rainy season ( rainstorm or rains for a long time condition ), with 175m water level in the reservoir, during the earthquake, with the water level of the reservoir adjusted from 175m to 145m and so on, and produces
本文針對長江三峽庫區特殊的地質環境與工程實際情況,在充分考慮水對庫岸滑體穩定性影響的前提下,提出了一個適用於長江三峽庫岸滑坡體穩定性分析的綜合分析評價體系,並取得了如下幾個方面具有工程實際意義和一定科學研究價值的研究成果: ( 1 )研究結果發現,水的活動是新滑坡形成或古滑坡復活的主要因素,一方面是由於地下水位升高降低了滑坡體的有效應力,另一方面是由於地下水的長期浸泡降低滑體及滑帶的力學強度,這兩方面的因素均將直接降低滑坡的穩定性; ( 2 )針對三峽庫區的特殊條件,系統分析了作用於三峽庫區滑坡體上的力系和庫水位在175m與145m間變化時滑體條塊的受力變化,從而使對作用於滑坡體上的力系分析更科學、更全面; ( 3 )通過對滑體處于旱季(天然狀態) 、雨季(暴雨或長期降雨狀態) 、 175m庫水位、地震以及庫水位由175m調節下降至145m等各種不同情況的有機組合,本文系統地歸納總結出了10種典型計算工況,並具體給出了相應的作用荷載的計算方法,使在庫區岸坡滑體穩定性分析評價時對計算工況選擇及其作用荷載的計算更具規范性; ( 4 )具體運用c + + builder開發了關于滑坡體穩定性綜合分析評價系統,使對滑坡體穩定性分析計算更方便、更準確; ( 5 )將上述滑坡體穩定性綜合分析評價系統應用於重慶市豐都縣名山滑坡穩定性分析的具體事例中,分析結果表明,本文所提出滑坡體穩定性綜合分析評價方法對三峽庫區的滑坡穩定性分析是實用可行的。In order to indicate the opportunities & threats, author employs the competitive strategy, analyzes the external environment and the competitive status of yujiang company. while, the author impotently analyzes the internal resources and competences so to indicate the advantages & disadvantages, besides, finds the core competence by the analysis of yujiang ' s value chain, the competitive location and the type of competitive
本文運用競爭戰略理論通過對重慶渝江公司所處的外部環境與行業競爭狀況進行分析,明確公司面臨的外部機會與威脅,並重點分析了公司內部資源能力狀況,明確了內部存在的優勢與劣勢,通過價值鏈分析找出公司的核心競爭力之所在。Fisrt, this paper dissertates the necessities and feasibilities for establishing and implementing ims theoretically. second, it resreachs the problems in the process of establishing and implementing ims, and list the planning and designing moughtway for 5th engineering corporation of china railway 20 bureau group. meanwhile, it provides some suggestions for key steps of establishing and implementing an ims. for example, orgnazational improment, training implementation, initial review, development of managerial principal and goals, and compilation of procedural documents. after that, this paper designs a set of evaluation indicators on the basis of pdca., and put forwards evaluation method and process for the effectiveness of an ims. last, it also makes some concrete proposals vs possible difficulties in the process of performimg an integrated management system, for the continual improvement of the corporation ' s ims
本文首先從理論上分析了建立與實施一體化管理體系的必要性和可行性;其次,對中鐵二十局集團五公司質量、環境和職業健康安全一體化管理體系的建立與實施問題進行了研究,給出了該公司建立與實施一體化管理體系的策劃和設計思路,同時就建立與實施過程中的重點問題進行了研究,如組織機構的優化、貫標培訓的實施、初始評審的實施、管理方針的確定、管理目標的設定以及程序文件的編制等;然後,設計了基於pdca (策劃、實施、檢查、處置)模式的一體化管理體系有效性評價指標體系,給出對五公司一體化管理體系有效性進行評價的方法和過程;最後,分析了一體化管理體系運行過程中可能遇到的問題,並給出中鐵二十局集團五公司一體化管理體系持續運行的具體建議。Second, it turns to analyze the outside environment of chongqing pepsi - tianfu in details by using many theories in turn such as pest, five competition power, production life cycles and value chain, and its target is not only to find opportunities in politics, economic, technology, and social culture and also to feel threaten which results from substitute, supplier, new comer, customer and competitor of our company. then, it begins to seek the strength and weakness of this company by analyzing resource of itself in order to seek main problem s during present business operating, specially focusing on marketing promotion, cost controlling, human resource management and enterprise culture. at the same time, it concludes that the main present questions are caused by some history factors, faulty present management rules, incomplete human resource system, different leader types and weak base of enterprise culture
然後,就運用pest法、行業競爭五種力量及價值鏈的戰略管理理論對公司的外部競爭環境進行詳細的分析,發現公司可能在政治、經濟、技術、社會文化上面臨的機會以及行業中替代品、供應商、新進入者、顧客、競爭對手正帶來的威脅;接著,運用資源分析法找出公司內部的優勢和劣勢,特別是目前存在的主要問題及其產生的各種主要原因,其中問題集中表現在市場營銷、成本控制、人力資源管理、企業文化四大方面,而產生原因則是公司的歷史、管理制度不夠完善、人才機制不健全、領導風格不相同、企業文化較薄弱等因素;接著,就是將內、外環境的分析結果通過swot方法進行戰略匹配和選擇,得出三個戰略方案,即:穩定發展戰略、密集型發展戰略和多元化發展戰略。The content of each part follow as : in the first chapter, as start point and base of the paper, this part focuses on the basic study of definition characteristic of no, and the existing base of no - e - commerce environment ; in the second one, this part studies the theory base of no comprehensively applying the theories of core competence competent strategy and transaction cost ; chapter three studies the no from the coordination of no, and gives the structure clarification and characteristic of no firstly, at the same time, put forward the concept of virtual enterprise cluster ; based on such conclusion, studies the model of no from life cyc organization level process and value chain, and operational mode ; in chapter four, a theoretical explanation was addressed on the above structure by modeling no with game theory and graphic theory ; in the fifth chapter, on the bases of analysis of no operational risks, coordination mechanism of no was studied by individually modeling the no without core and no with core, and then put forward the solution for coordination mechanism of no ; as an important component of coordination mechanism of no, chapter six explored some basic concept of trust and importantly put forward the way of how to build trust in no, especially investigated the supporting function of valid reputation mechanism of no for the trust building, importantly an operational method on building reputation mechanism and evaluation method in no were given ; the last chapter applied the conclusion of the paper to investigate the famous trade web - sunbu. com analyzed its shortcoming and gave the advices of developing
全文共分為七章,主要內容如下:第一章作為全文的理論出發點和基礎,圍繞網路組織的定義、特徵以及網路組織生存基礎- -電子商務環境等方面對網路組織的基本概念進行了闡述;第二章綜合運用核心能力、競爭戰略和交易費用理論對網路組織產生的理論基礎進行闡述;第三章首先從組織協調的角度對網路組織進行了研究,給出了網路組織的結構,分類和特徵,同時並給出了虛擬企業群簇;然後在此基礎上分別研究了網路組織的生命周期模型、層次模型、過程模型、價值鏈模型,以及運行模式;第四章綜合運用博弈論、圖論的相關知識,通過構建網路組織的模型,對上一章所研究的網路組織結構的形成機理給出了一種理論解釋;第五章在分析網路組織運行風險的基礎上,分別建立無盟主網路組織的博弈論模型和有盟主網路組織的博弈論模型,詳細研究了網路組織的協調機制,然後給出了網路組織協調機制的解決方案;第六章作為網路組織協調機制的重要組成部分,本章在討論了網路組織中建立信任機制的必要性的基礎上,研究了網路組織信任關系的類型,提出了在網路組織中如何建立信任機制。By the research for the progress system main factors > target > environment motive and circulation, this paper analyzes and extracts the system core and key core of the progress in s & t of the coal enterprise, and sets up the model of coordination soft technique and hard technique system ; this paper puts forward the progress system evaluation theories in s & t of the coal enterprise and establishes the system contribution technique content > technique ability of the progress in s & t of the coal enterprise, environment evaluating index system and its evaluating model ; at the same time, the real condition of the progress in s & t of tie fa mining bureau is evaluated. this paper also analyzes the system condition and environment of the progress in s & t of the coal enterprise in china, according to the gotten system theory of the progress in s & t of the coal enterprise ; at last, on these grounds, this paper puts forward the technology development strategy of the coal enterprise in china and countermeasure thoughts that perfect the system of the progress in s & t of the coal enterprise in china
本論文基於企業科技進步主體論、系統論思想,研究了煤炭企業科技進步系統,提出了煤炭科技進步系統的概念,並通過對煤炭企業科技進步系統要素、系統目標、系統環境、系統動力和系統運行的研究,分析提煉出了煤炭企業科技進步系統核及關鍵核,建立了軟技術系統與硬技術系統的協同模型;提出了煤炭企業科技進步系統評價理論,建立了煤炭企業科技進步系統貢獻、技術含量、技術能力和系統環境評價的指標體系及其評價模型,對鐵法礦務局的科技進步狀況進行了實測評價;根據研究出的煤炭企業科技進步系統理論,分析了中國煤炭企業科技進步系統狀況及環境,據此提出了中國煤炭企業技術發展戰略和完善中國煤炭企業科技進步系統的對策思路。In the case of the city of shijiazhuang, using certain mathematics formulas and considering the spreading tendency and specific situation, it divided the idiographic scope and discussed the main features. such as, loose areas, varieties, too much traffic entrance, lower land price and automatic transition and so on. it is the base of farm production, avocation, and storage
本文以石家莊市為例,運用一定的數學公式,結合城市擴展趨勢和具體情況,劃分出城鄉結合部的具體范圍,闡述了其主要特徵:具有用地鬆散、類型多樣、過境交通量大、土地價格低和動態的過渡性等基本特徵;作為城市的農副產品基地,倉儲轉運基地,城市職能的疏散地和藩籬的功能特徵;具有內、中、外三個圈層帶和土地用途變更迅速、土地價格攀升明顯的土地利用特徵。By using the internal and external merger theories, the author analyses not only the process but also the feasibility and necessity of xi ' an transformer factory merger xi ' an heavy furniture factory. using the " effect evaluate system of state - owned capital " assess the financial effect after the merger and reorganization. the author discuss the risk and its being on guard about debts probably, and analyses the difficulty position about reorganization and cultural blend which took by the workers " puzzled of target enterprise
本文運用國內外兼并重組理論,分析了西安變壓器廠兼并西安重型電爐廠的可行性和必要性,以及兼并重組的過程;運用「國有資本金績效評價體系」評價了企業兼并后的財務效果;創意性地提出並論述了在兼并過程中實現股權多元化的途徑;論述了或有負債的風險和防範;從心理學角度分析了被兼并企業職工角色的困惑給重組和文化融合帶來的困境;結合該案例重組的特點,論述了兼并重組中的速度風險和企業速度觀念;提出了企業通過戰略性改組實現可持續發展戰略。This article first introduces environmental value, its category and assessment of environmental value ; then environmental policy, environmental compensation of usa, and cercla, opa ’ 90 will be introduced. also, rules on assessment of environmental damage contemplated in directions issued by euro parliament and eu council of ministers and their developments will be explored. demonstrative analysis, comparative analysis and etc. will be applied in the research of the above law, and meanwhile, theory of environmental economics will be adopted in assessment of environmental damage
本文首先是通過環境的價值及其分類和評價環境價值的各種方法的介紹,讓大家對環境的價值有初步的認識;再通過對美國的環境對策、補償、責任法( cercla ) 、油污法( opa 』 90 )和歐洲議會及歐盟部長理事會關于環境損害的預防和救濟的指令案中關于對自然環境資源的損害評價規則和發展過程進行分析探討,綜合運用實證分析、比較分析等方法來研究上述法律運用環境經濟學原理來確定損害賠償額的評價方法。An petroleum enterprise works out an assessment form first, and then invites experts to do the evaluate on operating environments in oil resource countries, and finally process the evaluation results with fuzzy mathematic methods so as to work out the assessment outcome and rank for operating environments in host countries
石油企業可以通過制定跨國經營環境評價表,請專家對資源國的經營環境進行打分,然後運用模糊綜合評價的方法對打分結果進行處理,最終得出東道國經營環境評價的結果和排序。At present, the only way for quantification of environmental value is to turn to environmental economics for help., which theoretically make it possible to assess environmental property
不過,運用環境經濟學的方法,從理論和實踐上都可以對環境的價值從經濟上予以評價和量化的。Applying the matter - element analysis theory, and taking as the matter - elements the influence rank of the land use planning implementation on environment and the land use planning environmental impact assessment target and its the characteristic value, this paper appraises the ranks and processes the implementation data, obtaining classical territory, node territory, weight coefficient and related degree of the model
摘要運用物元分析理論,將土地利用總體規劃實施對環境的影響等級、土地利用總體規劃環境影響評價的指標及其特徵值作為物元,通過對評價等級及規劃實施數據歸一化處理后,得到模型的經典域、節域、權系數及關聯度。分享友人